The Equality Act 2010 and Individual Employment Rights

The Equality Act substitutes and complements earlier laws like the Disability Discrimination Act of 1995 and the Race Relations Act of 1976 (Phillips Scott 2012). The Act turned into law during 2007 with the aim of ensuring equal treatment of all people at the work place.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Equality Act 2010 and Individual Employment Rights specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Act includes similar groups that get protection from existing laws on equality. These laws protect people against discrimination based on disability status, age, gender, race, sex, sexual orientation, religion or belief, pregnancy, marriage and civil partnership (Pitt 2011; Selwyn 2012). An Analysis of the Law and Public Policy Issues Since this study focuses on the case of Ladele and McFarlane with reference to the principle of conscientious, religious objection to same-sex relationships, we shall only look at elements of the Act that deal with discrimination on the basis of religion and same-sex relationships. These elements include discrimination based on sexual orientation, religion/belief as well as civil partnerships and marriage (Willey 2012). Sexual Orientation Discrimination The Equality Act 2010 protects employees against discrimination due to their sexual orientation. According to the Act, discrimination in the form of sexual orientation refers to unequal treatment of lesbians, gay men and heterosexuals (Wright Conley 2011). The Act prohibits the conduct of discriminating people on the basis of sexual orientation. This includes treating people unfavorably, discriminating them indirectly, victimizing people, or subjecting people to harassment due to their social orientation. The Act defines indirect discrimination as using a criterion or procedure that limits people of a particular sexual orientation when it is not justifiable. Discrimination based on Religion or Belief The Equality Act 20 10 protects employees against discrimination based on their religions or beliefs. The Act needs all employers to have policies that relate to recruitment promotion, development, grievance and harassment. Direct discrimination occurs when people get unfair treatment due to their religions and beliefs, or religions and beliefs of their associates (Willey 2012). The Act further explains different forms of discrimination. Indirect discrimination takes place when an employer has a policy or rule that concerns everybody, but will limit people who have a certain religion or belief.Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Harassment occurs when an employer shows undesired actions due to a person’s belief or religion with the aim of infringing a person’s dignity, or creating a harsh atmosphere for that person (Willey 2012). Lastly, victimization refers to the unfair treatment of an emplo yee because of opposing an employer’s practices on religions or beliefs. Civil Partnerships and Marriage The Equality Act of 2010 allows gay and lesbian couples to enter a civil partnership, with similar rights to those of a married couple (Willey 2012). According to the Act, direct discrimination takes place when a person gets less favorable treatment than others due to belonging in civil marriage or partnership. On the other hand, indirect discrimination takes place when an employer has a policy or rule that concerns everybody, but will limit people in a civil marriage or partnership (Honeyball 2012). Nevertheless, indirect discrimination is justifiable in some situations (Honeyball 2012). This decision must show that the employer considered non-discriminatory alternatives before making the final decision. Some cases that the Equality Act 2010 apply to include McFarlane vs. Relate Avon and Ladele vs. Islington (Sandberg 2011). In McFarlane v Relate Avon case, the claimant g ot dismissal because his religion and beliefs could not allow him to offer therapy to same-sex couples. According to the Equality Act, McFarlane imposed his own standards on sexual orientation to Relate, which was legally wrong. On the other hand, McFarlane claimed both indirect and direct discrimination as well as harassment due to his dismissal. Equally, in Ladele v Islington, the Christian registrar became released from work due to her refusal to carry out civil partnership services for same-sex marriages (Hill 2011; Mooney 2009). The claimant said that she suffered both direct and indirect discrimination due to her religious views. However, the court ruled that she lost her job due to her breach of duty, and not religious inclination towards same-sex marriages. These two cases also show some difficulties associated with clashes of rights. Difficulties Associated with Rights Clashes Over the years, scholars have focused on the right clash between religion and homosexuality in the perspective of religious assemblies seeking exclusion from nondiscrimination acts as much as they defend gay entitlements. One question that arises when implementing the Equality Act is: how can a pluralistic community give tolerance of religious differences and equality at the same time?Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Equality Act 2010 and Individual Employment Rights specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another question is: how can the government serve commitments to the Act by guaranteeing expansion and use of civil rights laws in the community, or by guaranteeing protection and consideration for the varied beliefs and practices amid religious societies? A person can understand the dispute among the two parties’ claims in the case of Ladele and McFarlane by wearing the shoes of gay men and those of Ladele, or McFarlane, alternately. Gutmann (2003) explains that refusing people the rights to join volu ntary associations is unjust. Any way that a state resolves this clash between the autonomy to exclude and liberty to join, the liberty of some citizens to convey their character as they consider fit get restriction due to others freedoms. The certain win-loss described by Gutmann (2003) is a zero-sum game. Feldblum (Feldblum 2006) claims that due to the basis of homosexuality and religion clash on moral judgments, both sides belong to the zero-sum game since a benefit for one party leads to a loss for the disparate party. That is to say the values of both sides are too diverse that their last benefits become incompatible. Therefore, accepting religious groups cause that state actors deny civil rights protections. However, the effects of ignoring civil rights groups cannot be underestimated. While a zero-sum clash on rights involving identity groups must not rest on contrary moral values, the clash between homosexuality and religion arises from the moral character of their differenc es. For people like Ladele and McFarlane, whose religious beliefs make them think that gay men and same-sex marriages are immoral, any law fortification of gay persons is a loss (Feldblum 2006). The reverse is right for those who think that gay men and same-sex marriages are morally right. For these people, the failure of regimes to guarantee fairness in dealing with communities that have all sexual orientations through the legislature is a loss (Gutmann 2003)Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Given any legislative action or inaction, just one party wins. Hence, most scholars seek to know whether religion is exceptional (Koppelman 2006). They try to find out whether religion has anything unique that would make it get the privilege over rights of gay men, or if equal rights for gay men have a unique feature that should let those rights beat religious freedom. Solutions One way of solving problems like religious and homosexuality rights clash is through legislatures (Kramer 2004). Superior authority for law decision-making is achievable either through lesser or weaker judicial review. Tushnet (1999) suggests that conscientious government officers outside the courts should carry out the work of interpreting the constitution, for some issues. Tushnet (1999) also mentions some of these issues as â€Å"the vindication of the declaration’s principles: the principle that all people are equal, the principle that all had inalienable rights† (53). Conversely, Waldron ( 2006) claims that judicial review hardly offers a system for a community to concentrate on the problems at hand when people differ on rights. Rather, Waldron (2006) suggests that the most suitable way to resolve rights clash should involve getting people’s opinions, and not judicial review. Besides, Waldron suggests that both rights need equal treatment in the process. Also, Waldron (2006) supports the idea of ordinary law followed by a court review as effective ways in solving rights clash. Key to this claim is a view that politics acts as the field of conciliation, which can hypothetically solve the matter of needing to choose a champion in the zero-sum competition. According to Tushnet (1999), lawmakers build statutes like civil rights statutes as they pay attention to their enemies and build compromises that include some concerns of their opponents. Private dispute resolution is also a way of solving rights clashes. This entails reaching a compromise amid two conflicting rights. McConnell proposes that the most suitable way to avoid a zero-sum game and get a solution to rights clashes is allowing conflicting parties to deal with their rows privately (Anderson Baker 2010). The government, using this method, should not inflict a punishment on practices related with or obligated by any perception of homosexuality, and must desist from applying its authority to support, encourage, or progress one place and not another. Therefore, the state would not penalize sexual acts through accepting gay people. At the same time, the state would not make use of sexual orientation as a ground for discrimination or categorization with no grand rationales that have a basis in moral objections. Conversely, the state would be slow to project this place of moral objectivity in the private area, although, it would let private influences in the culture find the last answer from the society. That is to say the problems that legislatures and courts encounter when dealing wit h rights clash can get a solution through eliminating such matters from their rule. Also, Minow (1987) argues that a more suitable choice should follow, for those disagreeing to negotiate a commonly tolerable solution since lawsuits may not serve as the most suitable instruments for realizing the normative growth that surface after expressing rights. Minow (1987) explains â€Å"the practice of litigation is too cruel and polarizing to serve the purpose of encouraging certain parties to join in exploring normative commitments through interpretation† (1861). Therefore, Minow (1987) proposes that parties should conduct mediation before filing lawsuits so that they can understand each other well and promote normative growth with no interference from legal authorities. Such solutions can make parties evade polarizing effects that they may get from laws, or in courts since they do not consider most aspects. Therefore, parties like Ladele and McFarlane and Islington BC could keep aw ay from the zero-sum game by negotiation. Another way of solving right clashes is through ballot initiatives. Citizens may suggest amendments to the constitution or law provisions (Skiba-Crafts 2009). Where citizens fruitfully meet the necessary processes, these proposals become subject to a democratic vote, and not legislative ratification (Skiba-Crafts 2009). This practice has occurred in countries like Florida, Arizona and California in the last two decades, and many anti-gay initiatives have succeeded or faced rejection (Keck 2009). For instance, Arizona citizens accepted the 2008 ballot initiatives to amend the constitutional provisions that sought to ban gay marriage as Arkansas citizens endorsed a ballot initiative banning gay partners from adopting kids.133 Critical Comment on the Efficacy and Desirability of the Current Law The Equality Act 2010 is effective when it comes to protection of most employees at workplace (Lockton 2011). However, the law becomes hard to enforce w hen there are rights clashes. So as, to solve this problem, parties may conduct mediation before filing lawsuits so that they can understand each other well and promote normative growth with no interference from legal authorities. Also, the Act should leave some crucial elements like homo-sexual rights to public opinion and not legislative ratification. In conclusion, The Equality Act 2010 protects individual employment rights at the work place. Some areas that this law addresses include discrimination based on sexual orientation, religion/belief as well as civil partnerships. However, implementing this law raises several issues on the way rights on varied beliefs and practices can get an offering without interfering with civil rights laws. This study recommends that conscientious government officers, outside the courts, can carry out the work of interpreting the constitution on issues like rights clashes. Also, the study supports mediation among parties before filing lawsuits and b allot box. This is the only way how cases like those of McFarlane v Relate Avon and Ladele v Islington can get fair judgment. References Anderson, R Baker H 2010, Corporate governance: a synthesis of theory, research, and practice, John Wiley Sons, London. Feldblum, C 2006, ‘Moral conflict and liberty: gay rights and religion,† Brooklyn Law Review vol. 72, no. 62, pp. 63–64. Gutmann, A 2003, Identity in democracy, Cengange, London. Hill, M 2011, Religion and law in the United Kingdom, Aspen Publishers, South America. Honeyball, S 2012, Honeyball Bowers’ textbook on employment law, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Keck, T 2009, â€Å"Beyond backlash: assessing the impact of judicial decisions on LGBT rights,† Law and Society Review vol. 151, no. 161, pp.151-154. Koppelman, A 2006, Is it fair to give religion special treatment?†Illinois Law Review vol. 571, pp. 572–574. Kramer, L 2004, â€Å"The people themselves,† Popular Consti tutionalism and Judicial  Review vol.7, no.8, pp. 220-223. Lockton, D 2011, Employment law 2011-2012, Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon New York. Minow, M 1987, â€Å"Interpreting rights: an essay for Robert cover,† Yale Law Journal vol. 96, pp. 1860-1907. Mooney, G 2009, Understanding social welfare movements, Policy Press, Bristol Portland. Phillips, G Scott, K 2012, Employment Law, College of Law, London. Pitt, G 2011, Employment law, Sweet Maxwell Thomson Reuters, London. Sandberg, R 2011, Law and religion. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Selwyn, N 2012, Selwyn’s law of employment, Oxford University Press, New York. Skiba-Crafts, A 2009, â€Å"Conditions on taking the initiative: the first amendment implications of subject matter restrictions on ballot initiatives,† Michigan Law Review vol. 1305, pp. 1308-1309. Tushnet, M 1999, â€Å"Taking the constitution away from the courts,† Yale Law Journal vol. 14, pp. 52-73. Waldron, J 2006, â€Å"The core of the case against judicial review,† Yale Law Journal vol. 115, pp.1346-1376. Willey, B 2012, Employment law in context: an introduction for HR professionals, Pearson, London. Wright, T Conley, H 2011, Gower handbook of discrimination at work, Gower, London. This essay on The Equality Act 2010 and Individual Employment Rights was written and submitted by user Trey Dillon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Spelling Reform and the Writer

Spelling Reform and the Writer Spelling Reform and the Writer Spelling Reform and the Writer By Maeve Maddox A reader, responding to Case of the Missing is: foliage, verbiage, miniature , asks reasonably: Can’t we change the spelling? Before the widespread use of dictionaries, the answer to this question would have been Of course we can! Not anymore. The free and easy use of personal spellings to convey the pronunciation of the word intended by the person writing has not been an option since the middle of the seventeenth centuryat least not for writers who wish to avoid having their credibility questioned. Attempts to regularize English spelling began as long ago as the 1550s and reform groups are still at it. Some of the suggestions would require quite a learning curve. Reformer Thomas Smith (1568) increased the alphabet to 34 letters and put marks over all the long vowels. John Hart (1570) added special characters for sounds that dont have letters in the English alphabet, such as /ch/ and /sh/. William Bullokar (1580) created a system that made use of extra letters, accents, apostrophes, and various hooks above and below letters. Printer Ben Franklin promoted spelling reform by having a special font cut with extra symbols, and efforts have been made in more recent times to change spelling to conform to pronunciation. In 1898 the National Education Association adopted 12 simplified spellings in its publications: tho, altho, thoro, thorofare, thru, thruout, program, catalog, prolog, decalog, demagog, and pedagog. A glance at the NEAs website suggests that theyve given up on all but two. In the 1940s the Bible and some classics were printed using a phonetic system of spelling invented in the 1830s by Isaac Pitman (the shorthand man). Traditional English spelling is like our relatives: to be complained about, but not easily dispensed with. This extract from an experiment by Noah Webster (quickly abandoned, by the way) illustrates how ugly and internally inconsistent a reformed system can be: There iz no alternativ. Every possible reezon that could ever be offered for altering the spelling of wurds, stil exists in full force; On the whole, English speakers remain indifferent to the efforts of spelling reformers, and that is a good thing for writers. Writers, of all people, need to appreciate and cherish the variety of English spelling. Take this example from Robert Sklars Movie-Made America: Once admitted to the intimacies of reel life, movie patrons wanted their fantasies continued unbroken into real life. Sklar could not have written that sentence with its play on reel and real if English had only one spelling for the long E sound. TIP: Traditional English spelling is a useful item in the writers toolbox. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Grammar Mistakes You Should Avoid20 Pairs of One-Word and Two-Word Forms10 Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills

Marketing Research and Plan for E-commerce Travel in Indonesia Proposal

Marketing and Plan for E-commerce Travel in Indonesia - Research Proposal Example In efforts to mitigate levels of competition by individual organizations, online research strategies such as web analytics have been created. Web analytics delves on collecting, measuring and analyzing web data to facilitate comprehension of web efficacy consequently leading to web usage optimization (Cutroni, 2010, p.1). This has enabled computations of highly essential information such as market size, growth rate, and relative stage of development. Additionally, web research advancements such as web analytics have enabled organizations in highly competitive industries such the travel industry to compare their performance against competitors in a bid to retain relevance (Burby and Atchison, 2007). Effective market plans are heavily dependent on accurate market research in determining crucial aspects such as target group and the general market status. The travel and tourism industry is a major backbone and contributor of economic development in many countries such as Indonesia. For example, the tourism and travel industry in Indonesia contributed about 9.2 % of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2013 and was expected to have an increment of 7.5% of GDP in 2014 (Scowsill, 2014). This implies that tourism and travel industry is a relatively large industry in Indonesia. Additionally, the expected increments in relation to GDP are indicators of the growing market. The increased growth rate of tourism and travel industry is facilitated by increment in number of tourists visiting Indonesia. According to World Bank data on tourism, there has been a constant increment on the number of tourists visiting Indonesia from 2010 al through to 2012 (The World Bank). Moreover, development of the tourism and travel industry has facilitated growth of organizations within its territory such as hotels and travel agencies such as MyGlobalTrip. Although the levels of utilization of the internet are relatively low, increased focus by travel agencies is

The costs and the benefits of international diversification Essay

The costs and the benefits of international diversification - Essay Example The process of international diversification enables the firms to reap in advantages like economies of scale. According to Bartlett & Ghoshal (2000) it accelerates the process of innovation besides reducing the associated costs. However there is no consistency in the empirical studies with regard to the performance advantages arising from international diversification. Various studies conducted by Buckley & Casson (1976), Caves (1982) and Rugman (1979) have drawn attention to the internationalisation theory, highlighting that the process of international diversification does not improve performance rather the leveraging of the intangible assets of the firm bring in performance advantages. This calls for advanced ways of information co-ordination and processing in order to identify and take advantage of the overseas opportunities. As per Kogut (1985b) the acquisition of this form of information co-ordination and processing requires significant investments and the gains arising from th e international diversification varies across the firms (Chari et al., 2007). ... This form of diversification enhances the market potential of the various product lines of the firms but this also gives rise to the complexities of managing a firm that is internationally diversified as well as product diversified. Research has shown that the gains from geographic and product diversification are higher in the case of media firms. It has also been seen that in the less developed economies the firms benefit more from product diversification as compared to the businesses in developed economies. The international diversification offers exploitation and exploration benefits. As per Caves (1996) by way of internationalisation the firms can achieve economies of scope and scale. Kim et al (1993) highlight that the fluctuations in the revenues of the firm can be can be reduced by distributing the investment risks across various countries. The international operations facilitate cost reduction and enhance revenue base as it strengthens the market position of the firm giving i t a strong bargaining power over the customers, suppliers and distributors. The firm may have unutilised resources therefore by way of international expansion the firm is able to achieve economies of scale. A higher production lowers the overall production costs (Lu & Beamish, 2004). Evidences have shown that top management groups that are culturally diverse are more informed about the international markets and their unconventional behaviour. The impetus for internationalisation arises from the availability of the opportunities of exploiting market imperfections from the use of intangible assets across the border. According to Buckley (1988) a business can achieve extra-normal returns by using its internal assets

Influence of Asias Economy on Australia

Influence of Asias Economy on Australia People call 21st century an Asian Century because of Asia’s rise, which leads to a huge change in global power and opulence to Asia or more precisely, move to Asia after peculiar centuries. The inferences for Australians and Australia are intensive, and also they will effect on every part of both external and domestic policy. It is considered to be perilous to extrapolate from the trends that are current. But comparative growth rates of economic, investment and trade patterns, defense capacities, population futures, and impact in worldwide decision making platforms all are directing towards one direction. Julia Gillard, the former Prime Minister of Australia implied the economic numbers last September while declaring the White Paper commissioning on Australia in the Asian Century, are humbly spectacular. Advancement done by Japan and after that by Asian Tigers i.e. Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea and Hong Kong, or by Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia recently, have been laid in the dark by the vivid performance of India and China. In the last twenty years, these two giant countries have already gained the 40% of the world’s population and also they have enhanced their economic size nine times, while China doubles its economy after every eight years and India after eleven years. They both together have grown their economy in the last two decades and capture almost the fifth part out of tenth of the world’s economy, and further after two decades it can be seen that they will project their economy from fifth to third. China now is the second largest economy of the world and now on its way to become the first in the coming twenty years, or even may be earlier. At the same time, India is trying to exceed the US economy by the mid-century if they are successful in acquiring the power terms. If we talk about per capita term then neither India nor China will be rich enough because of the fact of their tension and internal problem. However, it cannot change the simple truth of a big wealth shift. The growth of economic has been followed by prominent escalations in the military expenses by both India and China, this is 2010 news, after US the China is ranked in second number while India at ninth after France, UK, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Germany and Russia. In this modern age, one cannot think about the war between the world’s main powers, power is all about the political influence or its about perception, or it can be defined in terms of military capability, and it can be seen from this context that India and China are making absolute progress in this military weight. The white paper will focus devastatingly on domestic policy settings that how we should gear or take maximum benefit of the great opportunities, especially economic opportunities, from management of macroeconomic, to trade, innovation or industry, training and education, infrastructure, immigration, business regulation, arts and the environment. This paper will mainly focus on the main challenges for Australian foreign policy. In the Asian Century, there are many challenges that are posed for Australia. First is to abstain from the zero sum game option in the terms with US and China; second to maintain a healthy relations with India; third to establish a good relationship with Indonesia; fourth to take part in the establishment of security cooperation and regional economic mechanisms in which Australia is seen as the effective and relevant player. In considering not only the extent but also the nature of foreign policy challenges, also having the capability to perform something in favor of them, it could be profitable to say somewhat in more general manner about the national interest of Australian and the weaknesses and strengths. To every other country the foreign policy primary role is to advance and protect the national interests, and it can be defined firstly by security interest at one hand and on the other hand it can be trade and economic interests; there is nothing more important for any country to guard the country form attack or threat or to enhance the quality of living and income of its people. This idea is based on the fact that there are many problems in the modern world that oblige not just bilateral or unilateral but supportive multilateral act to solve the problem. It can be terrorism, piracy to climate change, mass massacre crimes, from health plagues to unstructured population streams; this is what has been said by Kofi Annan â€Å"Problems without passports†, or international problems or worldwide public problems. Each problem is beyond the capacity of any state to solve, however huge and powerful it is. The ability of any country to follow national interests, in all the dimensions that have been explained above, is its strength promotional by the weakness. Being Self-evident are the Australian strength limits: it will not or will never become the superpower. It is best at middle power, never expected to have military, political or economic influence to force our will on others, and finally dependent on the capacity to admire. But if the Australia plays at middle level diplomacy with the like countries of same characteristics it is possible to generate a healthy relation with the other countries and thus creating a good return in any field. Australia on the other hand is the 12th largest economy, and by landmass it comes at sixth and in maritime zone it comes in third place; it is multicultural country of the world; it shows inimitable viewpoint linking Asia Pacific geography and European history. Individual and peacekeepers of Australia while working in worldwide establishments, both nongovernmental and official, have greatly an exceptional reputation; also as a security alliance with US, we also obey or show strong commitments globally and regionally. The ties between China and US are sound at the moment, enduring some acute connections in 2010 on amount of challenging deeds by China against territorial issues on water over the China Sea towards south, and recently the tension that has been created by the support of US to Chen Guangchen. But still many thinks about this issue that how US will react on the China’s acceleration of Economic Growth. One of the most dangerous or discussed issue of all times in the region is the ill use of nuclear weapons, Washington on the other hand is fully convinced with the performance of Beijing to compel North Korea. In practice by working all the way, and its entailments for how long can we manage our defense carriage and future expenses, in such a way that provides us more comfortable independent security against different ugly possibilities without indulging in such a tension? Australia on the other hand is not interested any more on China’s investment and trade and it can be seen that the relationship is ended with tears, and also with the passage of time Australia has sad that they are not keen in assembling anything from China creating the Cold War strategy. Australia has shown its keens interest in developing a healthy ties with US or South East Asian neighbors. The importance or upswing of India is as important as China, but policymakers have not noticed that. Trade capacities between West and South Asia and East Asia particularly now far offset those over the pacific and they are increasing vividly. China’s growth has been fueled by Gulf oil, and also between the two giants a bilateral trade. There is nothing especial that can alarm Australia, and many among these are happy with this development. Importance of South East Asia in the geographic hub is important due to the fact that it links the South West and North West, same is the case with Australia it also plays a significant role in this action. Australians are now recognizing the importance of Indian economic potential is almost same as that of China. For Australian, India has become a very big market for the natural resources such as gold, coal and copper in general and also the educational services. It can be said that India is the fourth biggest market for export destination of services and goods after Japan, Korea and China and now have the caliber to become the second. In terms of diplomatic, the relations with India are amiable though they are narrow during the Cold War due to some strategies, or due to personality conflict between the PM Menzies and Nehru also they have worked together on different general issues from decades. Australia has a strong tie with India on security issues, too. Indians have strong relation with Australians and consider Australia a perfect place for excursion. But the relation between India and Australia is not as healthy as it should be. There have been seen some episodic disturbance from Indian side. The good place to start with is with the economic relationship, if the bilateral investment and trade ties are to take at some level then there is a need to be an integration of economic with the help of trade agreement which Australia is discussing with the three great partners Japan, Korea and China and it launched an agreement with India. One of the main concerns of the Australian Public policy is that why still Indonesia has not gained the level of understanding and attentions from the leaders than other Asian countries have gained, though it deserves. Mostly people forget about the importance of Indonesia as it comes in number four in the world in area, and it is also the largest Islamic country and the most effective and potential player in ASEAN. The Indonesia in progressing day by day and this cannot be denied that its economy is increasing incredibly and it plays a significant and thoughtful role in both global and regional affairs. There are number of factors that lack the relationship between Australia and Indonesia. One of the factors is the stereotype perception about Indonesia that it is not changed, still some thought as the military dominance, undemocratic, authoritarian, there exist terrorist and a culture that is unknown to Australia. The point is that this concept of stereotype is now obsolete and there in Indonesia there is a proper democratic transformation. There are various factors and issues that are arising over the last number of years, make it authoritative that they are trying to work as hard as they can to implement the policy making architecture, security cooperation and regional economic mechanisms that truly work. There has been seen three basic differences between the Indo Pacific and Asia Pacific, cooperation and dialogue, there is no platform for security that bring all together, another key platform of APEC which plays a significant role in trade facilitation, even if it has not complete the hopes and not lived that much excluding India; there is another platform or forum named as East Asia Summit for policy issues like economic, security and socio political also it excludes the countries like Russia and US. Australia indeed is hopeful and can meet the challenges in foreign policy, but still it needs to be quick and show more reflexes, because things happens, incidents occur, sometimes there have made a misjudgments, peace can be turned into the war, we can see that these things happened in the past and still can be happened again.

Unfair Drug Laws in America Essay -- Argumentative Drugs Marijuana Ess

The existing drug laws are very inefficient. This paper will focus on the people and the specific elements that are affected by the inefficiency of the drug laws. When looking at the drug laws at a glance a person might be lead to think that they would be very effective and they seem reasonable. While drug laws in themselves are necessarily wrong, some of the discrepancies in the laws make them unfair and take from the category of handing down justice and puts them into the category of cruel and unusual. First there will be an analysis of prohibition throughout American history, then an analysis of what the actual crimes and punishments are for a few of the drugs in the United States. Next there will be a look into who is affected by the laws and how. Finally, this paper will try to provide some kinds of solutions to the problems that are being caused with the drug laws. First the definition of a drug is any substance that has an effect on the mind and body except food, and the definition of a crime is an act or omission that is punishable or goes against a law. When crime is looked at in this sense it can be said that government is the cause of all crime because every crime that is committed has to go against a law that is passed by the government. In looking at the problems with the drug laws, a history of where the drug laws come from is necessary. In the first 140 years of the United States all drugs were legal. This means that if a person wanted to do any drug at any time that the person could do it without having to worry about any penalties. The actual first federal law that was passed was the Pure Food and Drug act of 1906. This law was did not even put a restriction on the drugs that were available. This ... ...s to be some other way to deal with the problem of drugs so why not try something new? There can be no guarantees that the something new will be the right thing but there has to be something that can be done that will affect the drug situation in a more positive way. Works Cited (http://www.dpft.org/history.html). (http://www.famm.org/si_crack_powder_sentencing_fact_sheet.htm) (http://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/usa/Rcedrg00-03.htm http://dpft.org/alcohol.htm). http://www.cedro-uva.org/lib/reinarman.dutch.html). http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/factsht/heroin/). http://www.dpft.org/history.html#back04). http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=588601). http://www.phrusa.org/research/rockefeller_laws/tenmyths.html). (http://www.horizonmag.com/6/racial-profiling.asp http://www.commondreams.org/views/112600-105.htm).

The Brief History of the Elderly Barriers

Mental ailment is a significant determinant giving rise to the disease burdens of the elderly people. While the elderly people do not seem to suffer from disproportionate share of most distinct mental ailment such as depression or schizophrenia they do have a much higher prevalence of dementing ailment like Alzheimer†s disease and are subjected to enhanced rates of interpersonal losses. Irrespective of substantial rates of morbidity the proportion of older people acknowledged to be incapacitated and those really receiving sufficient treatment is remarkably low than that of the younger age groups. Deficiency in the treatment of mental illness in the elderly emerge to be a considerable factor in the enhanced suicide rates among the elderly population along with the premature or unsuitable placement of elderly persons in nursing homes. The studies on mental ailment in the elderly people has been disregarded and deserted till very recently. Even with the attention that has been accorded to the prevalence of large number of patients with Alzheimer†s disease, funding for research in relation to the incidence and distressing nature of mental ailment in the elderly continues to be insufficient. Considerable impediments prevail for the elderly in accessing and utilizing mental health services. Community based prevention programs for older people supported by federal and state funds are limited. This is combined with the absence of institutionalized consultancy and treatment programs including medication goals set particularly for older mentally impaired people. (Mental Health Services: Reaching Out to the Elderly. Part One)) An analysis brought out in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society reveals that while the rates of diagnosis for depression for patients at an age of 65 and older was enhanced radically during the 1990s, considerable differentiations by age, ethnicity, and supplemental insurance coverage still continues in relation to the treatment for those diagnosed patients. The elderly people also perceive themselves to be more stigmatized about having a psychiatric diagnosis and taking medication for treatment. (Books, Articles and Research) Stereotypes related to people who belong to the elderly group and have mental illnesses may intervene with their successful health care delivery. The prospective therapies may not be organized, covered or medications supplied as a result of the prejudice that such persons cannot improve or do not have enough time left in their lives to improve. The elderly are regularly being diagnosed and provided psychoanalysis with disregard or negatively talked about when their health is narrated. Such stereotypes regularly flow into delusions about the professionals delivering their care in diagnosis or entailing medications or counseling. Stigma and ageism are two incidents that largely influence the real assessment of people who are elderly and have mental illnesses and finally their health care. (Books, Articles and Research) The coverage under Medicare is insufficient and serves to enhance the myth that mental illness in the elderly is both to be anticipated and not reactive to the treatment. (Mental Health and the Elderly Position Statement) There exists a large differentiation in Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement between psychiatric care and medical care. This has discouraged many prospective psychiatrists, social workers and psychologists from having a career in geriatric mental health. (Overlooked and Underserved: Elders in Need of Mental Health Care) Another significant element in the lives of our elderly patients is that practically all of the elderly population are dealing with co-morbidities that may incorporate physical ill health along with mental illness and the settings that entail meticulous collaboration among patients, caregivers of the families and practitioners from a variety of health care disciplines. The reimbursement for services under such settings is awkward and is sometimes an impediment to best practices. Medicare imposes a 20 percent co-insurance rate on most outpatient services except for mental health services that necessitates 50 percent co-insurance rate. (Long-Term Care Financing: Blueprints for Reform- Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate) This unjust inclination in the system is considered to be the consequence and the cause for the persistent impediment to the stigma related to mental illness and is considered to be a major impediment for reaching care. Additionally, the distinction creates confusion and improper carrier reimbursement decisions like the continuing decisions by carriers to reimburse only 50 percent for medication management services in patients with Alzheimer†s disease and other dementias in contravention to the particular directives forwarded by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Long-Term Care Financing: Blueprints for Reform- Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate) A number of researches have revealed that when mental health services are seriously confined, the consequence is higher costs in terms of medication and over utilization of general medical visits. Elderly adults with the mental problems regularly seek health care services in primary care environments where the detection and management of this ailment condition may be less than optimal. (Mental Health and the Elderly Position Statement) The approach of the mental health professionals influences the service of care. Such personnel may demonstrate the same ageism and believe the same typecast about the elderly as those detected in the general population. They are inclined to misinterpret some problems as confronted by the elders in their normal course of ageing instead of the problems necessitating assistance. In addition to this younger, more articulate and more introspective clients may hold more appeal for many professionals. (Mental Health Services: Reaching Out to the Elderly. Part One)) Hence the elderly adults with mental ailments continue to be segregated in nursing homes and other separating environments even as other age groups have started to gain full membership in the community. (Books, Articles and Research) It has been visualized that in no other age group is the combination and interrelationship of physical, social and economic problems as important as that of the elderly. The elderly people continue to take for granted the ailments like sleep disturbances, changes in appetite and mood differences as physical problems. This trend is strengthened by the physicians who sometimes take such symptoms to be the out come of the aging process. The medical practice presently does not necessarily assign time for the detailed medical and social trend that would foster a more real diagnosis. The absence of such organized and complete health care has an adverse impact on all age groups in the United States. However, for elderly adults who appear to have multiple needs, such health systems are largely divided up and become a surprising source of patient confusion. Most elders remove from service emotions which are besieged by the long detentions and complex procedures. For administrators facing the budgetary limits, it has more often been that the elder population has been set aside on the plea that they are older enough to take advantage from the services. It would position to cause that a society that places such great significance on youth and the significance of looking young does not lend encouraging support to improve the mental health care for the geriatric population. Overlooked and Underserved: Elders in Need of Mental Health Care) To conclude, the accessibility to the suitable mental health services is at the center of entailing secular care to elderly Americans in the way that is most preferred by patients, their families and health care practitioners. (Long-Term Care Financing: Blueprints for Reform- Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate) A promising consumer and family movement through energetic advocacy are necessitated to defeat stigma and prevent discrimination against elderly people with mental illness. The reach to elderly mental health services can be developed immediately if we develop the abilities of primary care providers, public schools, the child welfare system and others to assist the elderly with mental health disorders looking for treatment. (Mental Health Gets Noticed) The prescribed drugs are necessary elements for treatment of a number of mental ailments and an outpatient prescribed drug assists along with a complete coverage of psychotropic medications and must be prioritized in the Congressional agenda. Other variations to the Medicare strategy which would be advantageous for geriatric patients with mental health needs are that it include extensive coverage of case management and care plan oversight, which are presently confined to patients who are being delivered with home care or hospice care; complete coverage of Medicare/Medicaid cost sharing for low income patients and revisions in reimbursement policies for services offered in assisted living facilities. Long-Term Care Financing: Blueprints for Reform- Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate) The serious confinements on Medicare reimbursement for mental health services are required to be avoided. The National Institute of Mental Health- NIMH is required to continue financial assistance at appropriate levels of devising the training programs in interdisciplinary mental health care for the elderly that incorporates the disciplines of medicine psychiatry, psychology, psychiatric nursing and clinical social work. Training programs are required to acknowledge that most mental health care takes place in the primary care environment. Instant expansion of the research programs is required to be funded by the NIMH and other agencies on the etiology and treatment of anxiety and depressive problems, paranoia, dementing problems and other behavioral problems which have profound impact on the elderly patients. (Mental Health and the Elderly Position Statement)